Should I Go To University Or Not?

Should I go to University or not?

A look at if you should go to University or not if you plan on becoming a commercial pilot

I want to be a pilot – should I go to University?

Whilst holding a degree was common place amongst airline pilots in the past, it is becoming more and more common to see prospective pilots going straight from A-Levels or secondary education in to commercial flight training. With the fairly recent increase in University tuition fees it seems this trend will likely increase further in the coming years.

There are arguments for both obtaining and not obtaining a degree before embarking on your commercial flight training.

The arguments set out below are based on you living in a country where you have to pay for your own tuition fees. If you live in a country where going to University is free (or you only need to pay for your living expenses) we would recommend going to Uni.

Fees & Debt

A typical three year degree may now cost over £/€ 30,000 on tuition fees alone. Once accommodation and living costs are added onto this figure, huge student debts are becoming common place among graduates.

With integrated flight training costing around £/€ 100,000 and many airlines requiring you to pay for your own type rating (around £/€ 25,000) you could find yourself in over £/€ 150,000+ of debt before you’ve even got your first job.

Even if you completed modular flight training (the cheapest way to complete flight training) and your type rating is paid for by the airline, then you’d still be in around £100,000 of debt.

You tend to earn a good salary as a commercial pilot so you will quickly, if not immediately end up earning more than the salary repayment threshold, and will therefore be required to pay all of your student loans back over many years, unlike others in lower paid jobs where the debt eventually gets written off. You can therefore expect to pay hundreds of pounds every month from your salary to your student loan debt repayment.

As holding a degree is no longer a minimum requirement to join most European airlines as a pilot, it’s a perfectly fair argument to say that accumulating so much avoidable debt simply isn’t worth it and to try and become a pilot without paying for a degree.

Having a backup plan

There is however, an equally compelling argument for obtaining a degree.

Unfortunately, one of the risks of being a pilot is that we can lose our class one medical at any time for a whole range of reasons which can bring a premature end to our flying careers. Equally, the airline industry is also notoriously volatile and cyclic; just look at the number of pilots made redundant due to global events such as the Covid-19 pandemic.

Unfortunately there will always be airline failures as economies inevitably suffer from time to time. For example, Flybe, XL Airways, Fly Globespan, Silverjet, Spanair and BMI are just a handful of airlines that have folded over the last couple of decades or so, resulting in the loss of hundreds of pilot jobs. As many find out the hard way, it can be years until one finds employment as a pilot again.

If you find yourself in such a position, it is vitally important to have a backup plan. To be able to go directly into employment that has a reasonable rate of pay anywhere close to your pilot salary, typically requires a degree. It might be expensive, but a degree can help you have a career backup plan if your if things go pear shaped.

Ensuring your a well covered by loss of income protection and loss of medical insurance can help ensure that you can cover your debts and even have an income if the worst happens and you can no longer fly. This might mitigate against not having a degree.

The University Experience

There’s no doubt that many people class their time at University as some of the best years of their life. It offers more than just an academic qualification, it offers life experience and an opportunity to develop as a person and build relationships. People mature at different speeds so not everyone is ready to start flight training straight after A-Levels (secondary education) and might need a few more years to develop the skills and personality needed to become employable by an airline.

Foreign Operators

It is worth noting that whilst many European airlines do not require a degree, it is still a mandatory requirement for many foreign airlines, particularly in the United States, the Far East and Asia. Therefore having a degree gives you more optionality in terms of which airline you can work for.

Which degree subject should I choose if I want to be a pilot?

If you’ve decided that going to university is for you, choosing which degree to study and at which university is not always obvious. There are plenty of degrees being offered by universities which are specific to aviation and airline pilot training (we’ve listed them here).

If you are seriously thinking of becoming a pilot and love aviation, studying an aviation degree is obviously going to be enjoyable and you tend to do well at subjects you enjoy studying. Having an aviation degree will clearly put you in a good position to commence your flight training after University.

Whilst airlines do ‘like’ aviation degrees, they are equally impressed with other core subject degrees (science, engineering, geography, maths etc.).

From a recruiters point of view, the final grading you achieved is usually more important than the subject you studied. For example being awarded a 1st class degree in physics will probably be viewed more favourably than a 2:2 in an aviation based subject as it shows you are able to apply yourself very well and to a high standard. This is an attribute which you will need to demonstrate throughout your aviation career, particularly during your flight training. Our general recommendation would be to choose a subject you actually want to study, as applying yourself and achieving a good grade is probably the most important. However, that being said, a ‘core’ subject, or an aviation based degree, is likely to be more appealing to the airlines

Something else to consider is what type of degree you would fall back on should the worst happen and you can’t fly any more. Having a degree in an a subject which is unrelated to aviation may open up more employment opportunities than if you held an aviation specific degree. For example, having a degree in accounting or law is likely to open up potentially higher paid opportunities than an aviation degree would if you can no longer be a pilot.

Conclusion

There are both pros and cons to the question of whether to go university or not and what subject you should study if you do decide to go.

For most people, the choice comes down to is avoiding huge debts unnecessarily versus getting the university experience and all that entails along with a qualification to fall back on if your career doesn’t take off as planned. It’s very subjective and ultimately it’s a very personal decision – everyone’s situation is different.

Do I Need to be Good at Maths to be a Pilot?

Do I Need to be Good at Maths to be a Pilot?


Do You Need to Be Good at Maths to Be a Pilot?

Updated 12 October 2026 | A practical guide to the mathematics required for airline pilot training and recruitment

One of the questions we’re frequently asked by aspiring pilots is whether you need to be particularly good at maths to become an airline pilot.

It’s an understandable concern. When you think about flying a commercial aircraft, you might imagine pilots constantly performing complicated calculations involving navigation, aerodynamics, fuel consumption and aircraft performance. For somebody who has never particularly enjoyed mathematics, this can make a career in aviation seem rather intimidating.

Fortunately, the reality is somewhat different.

You don’t need to be a mathematical genius to become an airline pilot. However, you do need a reasonable level of mathematical ability, a sound understanding of basic numerical principles and the willingness to develop your knowledge throughout your training.

Most of the mental arithmetic used during everyday flying involves relatively straightforward addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, percentages and calculations relating to speed, distance and time.

Professional pilot training is more demanding. You’ll encounter subjects such as navigation, aircraft performance, mass and balance and aerodynamics, which require an understanding of formulas, algebra and some trigonometry.

The important distinction is that being good at maths doesn’t necessarily mean being able to solve complicated equations in your head. It means understanding numerical relationships, applying the correct calculations and recognising whether an answer makes sense.

In this guide, we’ll explain the level of mathematics required to become a pilot, the academic qualifications airlines and flight schools may expect, the maths used during training and everyday flying, and how you can improve your numerical ability before applying.

How Good at Maths Do You Need to Be to Become a Pilot?

For most aspiring airline pilots, a solid understanding of secondary-school mathematics provides a useful foundation.

In particular, you should be comfortable with:

  • Basic addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
  • Fractions, decimals, ratios and percentages.
  • Simple algebra and rearranging formulas.
  • Speed, distance and time calculations.
  • Converting between units of measurement.
  • Interpreting graphs, tables and numerical information.
  • Basic geometry and trigonometry, particularly during professional ground school.

You don’t necessarily need A-level Maths or a mathematics-related degree. However, individual airlines and training organisations set their own academic entry requirements, which must be checked before applying.

The key is to understand the mathematics you need and be able to apply it accurately, rather than simply memorising formulas.

What Level of Maths Do You Need to Be a Pilot?

The mathematical ability required depends partly on where you are in your training and the type of flying you’re undertaking.

Somebody learning to fly a light aircraft towards a Private Pilot Licence (PPL) will encounter basic navigation, fuel calculations and aircraft performance information. These subjects require an understanding of practical mathematics, but they don’t normally involve the same depth of theoretical study as professional airline pilot training.

Students progressing towards a Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) and completing Airline Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) theoretical knowledge examinations will encounter a broader range of mathematical concepts.

These include more advanced navigation calculations, aircraft performance, mass and balance, flight planning and principles of flight.

However, the aim is not to turn students into mathematicians. The objective is to develop the knowledge needed to understand aircraft operations, apply relevant procedures and make safe, informed decisions.

The Main Types of Maths Used in Aviation

Mathematical SkillHow It Is UsedExample
Basic arithmeticAddition, subtraction, multiplication and division.Calculating altitude differences or flight duration.
Percentages and ratiosUnderstanding proportional relationships.Calculating percentage changes or interpreting performance information.
AlgebraRearranging formulas to find an unknown value.Calculating time using distance and groundspeed.
Geometry and trigonometryUnderstanding angles, distances and geometric relationships.Navigation and wind component calculations.
Unit conversionsWorking with different units of speed, distance, weight and time.Converting knots into nautical miles per minute.
Graphs and tablesInterpreting numerical information and graphical data.Reading aircraft performance charts.

Although this may initially appear to be a long list, these are skills that can be developed through regular practice.

You don’t need to master every mathematical subject before taking your first flying lesson. However, if you’re planning to undertake professional pilot training, becoming comfortable with the fundamentals beforehand can make your studies considerably easier.

What GCSE Maths Grade Do You Need to Become a Pilot?

For students in the UK, GCSE Maths is one of the academic qualifications commonly considered by airline cadet programmes and professional flight training organisations.

However, there is no single GCSE grade requirement that applies universally to every pilot training route or airline.

It’s important to distinguish between the requirements established by aviation licensing regulations and the separate academic entry criteria set by individual employers or training providers.

Pilot licensing regulations establish requirements relating to training, theoretical knowledge, practical skills, experience, age and medical certification.

Airlines and training organisations may then apply additional academic requirements when selecting students or employees.

Examples of Airline Cadet Programme Requirements

Many UK airline-linked cadet programmes expect applicants to have achieved at least a reasonable pass in GCSE Maths, alongside English and often a science subject.

For example:

easyJet Pilot Training

easyJet’s published entry requirements include five GCSEs at grades 4–9 (or equivalent), including:

  • Mathematics.
  • English.
  • Science.
  • Two additional subjects.

Source: easyJet Careers. Always verify the requirements of the specific programme before applying.

British Airways Speedbird Pilot Academy

The published requirements for the 2026 Speedbird Pilot Academy included six GCSEs at grades 4–9 (or equivalent), including:

  • Mathematics.
  • English Language.
  • A science subject.
  • Three additional subjects.

Source: British Airways Speedbird Pilot Academy. Requirements may change for future recruitment programmes.

These examples demonstrate that airlines can establish specific academic entry requirements, even when the underlying professional pilot licensing rules do not prescribe an identical set of GCSE qualifications for every applicant.

A GCSE grade 4 is broadly equivalent to the former grade C, but the exact qualifications accepted will depend on the programme.

Applicants holding qualifications from outside the UK should check whether their results meet the relevant equivalency requirements.

Do You Need A-Level Maths to Become a Pilot?

A-level Maths is not universally required to become an airline pilot.

Some training organisations or aviation-related degree programmes may establish particular A-level requirements, but many professional pilot training pathways do not require applicants to have studied mathematics at A-level.

That doesn’t mean A-level Maths is without value.

Studying mathematics beyond GCSE can help develop your confidence with algebra, trigonometry, numerical problem-solving and other subjects that become relevant during professional pilot training.

If you enjoy mathematics and are considering taking it at A-level, it can be a useful qualification.

However, you shouldn’t assume that choosing a different A-level subject automatically prevents you from becoming an airline pilot.

Do You Need a Maths or Science Degree?

No university degree is universally required for entry into professional airline pilot training.

Some airlines may specify a degree or other higher educational qualifications for particular recruitment pathways, but many cadet programmes accept applicants who have completed the required secondary-school education.

A degree in mathematics, physics, engineering or another technical subject can provide useful transferable knowledge, but it isn’t a substitute for obtaining the required pilot licences and completing professional flight training.

If you’re deciding what to study, our guide to choosing school subjects for an airline pilot career provides further advice.

How Much Maths Is Involved in Airline Pilot Training?

Professional pilot training involves a considerable amount of theoretical study.

Students pursuing the traditional airline pilot pathway normally complete the theoretical knowledge examinations associated with the Airline Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL).

Under the current UK and EASA aeroplane examination structures, these cover thirteen principal subject areas, including navigation, performance, flight planning, mass and balance, aircraft systems, meteorology and principles of flight.

Several of these subjects require students to understand mathematical formulas and apply them to aviation-related problems.

The mathematics is generally practical and connected to a particular operational concept, although some of the underlying theory can be challenging.

ATPL Subjects That Involve Mathematics

General Navigation: Working with distance, speed, time, angles, geographical coordinates and navigation calculations.

Radio Navigation: Understanding navigational systems, bearings, distances and relevant geometric relationships.

Mass and Balance: Calculating aircraft loading, centre of gravity and associated mass and moment relationships.

Aircraft Performance: Interpreting performance information, graphs and the effects of aircraft weight, atmospheric conditions and runway characteristics.

Flight Planning and Monitoring: Calculating flight times, fuel requirements, navigation data and other planning information.

Principles of Flight: Understanding the physical principles underlying aircraft performance, including forces, lift, drag and other aerodynamic relationships.

Meteorology: Interpreting atmospheric information, measurements and numerical relationships relevant to aviation weather.

These subjects involve more than simply multiplying and dividing numbers.

Students may need to rearrange equations, work with ratios and fractions, understand trigonometric functions and interpret information presented in graphical form.

However, professional ground school is designed to teach the knowledge required by the syllabus. You aren’t normally expected to arrive already knowing how to complete every aviation-specific calculation.

What you do need is sufficient mathematical knowledge to understand the lessons and keep up with the course.

Do Pilots Need to Understand Trigonometry?

Trigonometry is particularly relevant to certain elements of professional pilot training, including navigation and the relationship between headings, tracks, wind and distance.

For example, the wind affecting an aircraft can be considered as components acting along and across its direction of travel.

Understanding the relationship between angles and these components is useful when studying navigation and performance.

You’ll also encounter geometric relationships when learning about aircraft descent angles, navigation errors and other aviation calculations.

It’s therefore helpful to understand basic concepts such as sine, cosine and tangent, even though you won’t necessarily be performing trigonometric calculations manually during every flight.

The European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) specifically identifies mathematical foundations such as rearranging equations, fractions and trigonometry as relevant to integrated ATPL training preparation.

This is a useful reminder that professional pilot training requires more than mental arithmetic alone.

Is Physics More Important Than Maths?

Mathematics and physics are closely related in aviation.

Physics helps explain why aircraft fly, how engines operate, the effects of forces and the principles behind systems such as electricity, hydraulics and aircraft instrumentation.

Mathematics then provides a way of expressing and calculating some of these relationships.

For example, understanding the relationship between speed, acceleration and forces helps when studying aircraft performance, while a basic knowledge of pressure, temperature and density is useful when learning about meteorology and aircraft engines.

Physics is therefore a valuable subject for aspiring pilots, but it is not universally compulsory as an A-level qualification.

The most important consideration is whether you have the underlying knowledge needed to succeed in the particular course you’re applying for.

Preparing for ATPL Ground School

If you’re concerned about your mathematical ability, it can be worthwhile reviewing your GCSE-level mathematics before beginning professional ground school.

In particular, we would recommend refreshing your understanding of fractions, percentages, ratios, rearranging formulas, basic trigonometry and interpreting graphs.

These foundations will make it easier to understand the aviation-specific calculations introduced during training.

For more information about the professional qualifications themselves, see our Airline Pilot Licences Explained guide.

What Maths Do Airline Pilots Use During Everyday Flying?

Although professional pilot training involves learning some relatively advanced mathematical principles, many of the calculations pilots make during everyday operations are much simpler.

Modern commercial aircraft are equipped with sophisticated flight management systems, navigation displays and other equipment that can calculate a considerable amount of information automatically.

Electronic flight bags and approved performance applications also assist pilots with calculations relating to aircraft performance, fuel and loading.

However, understanding the underlying mathematics remains valuable.

For example, being able to make a quick estimate of descent distance or the time remaining to a waypoint can help a pilot assess whether the information displayed by an aircraft system appears reasonable.

It can also be useful when circumstances change and pilots need to consider different options.

Common Mathematical Calculations Used by Pilots

Some of the more familiar calculations include:

  • Calculating the time required to reach a waypoint.
  • Estimating the distance an aircraft will travel at a particular groundspeed.
  • Calculating altitude differences and average rates of climb or descent.
  • Estimating a descent distance using a recognised rule of thumb.
  • Understanding fuel consumption over a period of time.
  • Calculating or checking flight duration.
  • Estimating wind components.
  • Performing simple unit conversions.
  • Checking whether numerical information is consistent with expectations.

The majority of these examples involve basic arithmetic and an understanding of which units and formulas are appropriate.

However, pilots must also recognise when a calculation cannot safely be reduced to a simple approximation.

Aircraft performance, regulatory fuel planning and other safety-critical calculations must be completed using the relevant approved procedures, data and equipment.

An Important Distinction: Mental Maths vs Operational Calculations

Knowing how to perform quick calculations is useful, but being a good pilot doesn’t mean trying to complete every calculation mentally.

Professional flight crews use approved systems, procedures, checklists and performance information to ensure calculations are accurate and appropriate for the aircraft.

Mental arithmetic is particularly valuable for developing situational awareness and making a rough assessment of whether a result appears sensible.

The ability to recognise an unreasonable answer can be just as important as the ability to calculate one.

Examples of Maths Calculations Used by Pilots

To demonstrate the level of mental arithmetic involved in many everyday flying situations, let’s look at several examples.

These are simplified educational calculations. They assume constant speeds or rates where specified and don’t attempt to represent complete operational flight-planning procedures.

Example 1: Calculating a Required Rate of Descent

Question: Air Traffic Control asks an aircraft to descend from 20,000 feet to 14,000 feet within three minutes. What average rate of descent would be required?

Step 1: Calculate the altitude difference.

20,000 − 14,000 = 6,000 feet.

Step 2: Divide the altitude difference by the available time.

6,000 ÷ 3 = 2,000 feet per minute.

Answer: An average descent rate of 2,000 feet per minute.

In practice, the crew would also need to consider the aircraft’s performance, the time taken to establish the descent and the need to level off at the assigned altitude.

Example 2: Calculating How Long a Climb Will Take

Question: An aircraft is climbing at an average rate of 1,800 feet per minute. How long would it take to climb 9,000 feet?

Simply divide the altitude to gain by the average climb rate:

9,000 ÷ 1,800 = 5 minutes.

Answer: Five minutes.

This example assumes the aircraft maintains the stated average climb rate throughout the period.

Example 3: Calculating Fuel Consumption

Question: An aircraft is consuming fuel at an average rate of 2.4 tonnes per hour. How much fuel would it consume in two hours and thirty minutes?

Step 1: Convert the flight time into hours.

Two hours and thirty minutes = 2.5 hours.

Step 2: Multiply the hourly consumption by the time.

2.4 × 2.5 = 6 tonnes.

Answer: Six tonnes of fuel.

Actual aircraft fuel consumption varies with factors such as flight phase, altitude, speed and aircraft weight. This calculation simply demonstrates the mathematical relationship.

Example 4: Speed, Distance and Time

Question: An aircraft is travelling at an average groundspeed of 240 knots. How long will it take to cover 720 nautical miles?

One knot represents one nautical mile per hour.

We can therefore use the formula:

Time = Distance ÷ Speed

720 ÷ 240 = 3 hours.

Answer: Three hours.

This is one of the most important relationships to understand when studying navigation and flight planning.

Example 5: Calculating Flight Duration

Question: An aircraft takes off at 16:15 and lands at 19:48. What is the duration of the flight?

From 16:15 to 19:15 = 3 hours.

From 19:15 to 19:48 = 33 minutes.

Answer: Three hours and 33 minutes.

The calculation assumes both times use the same time standard and that the clock time has not crossed an additional date boundary.

Example 6: Estimating a Descent Distance

One of the most widely taught aviation mental arithmetic shortcuts is the 3-to-1 descent rule.

For a descent of approximately three degrees, pilots can use a rough estimate of three nautical miles for every 1,000 feet of altitude to lose.

Question: An aircraft needs to descend from 30,000 feet to 3,000 feet. What approximate distance would be required using the 3-to-1 rule?

Step 1: Calculate the altitude to lose.

30,000 − 3,000 = 27,000 feet.

Step 2: Divide by 1,000.

27,000 ÷ 1,000 = 27.

Step 3: Multiply by three.

27 × 3 = 81 nautical miles.

Answer: Approximately 81 nautical miles using the shortcut.

A geometrically accurate three-degree descent would require approximately 85 nautical miles for this height reduction. The familiar 3-to-1 rule is a quick estimate, not an exact calculation. It also doesn’t account for speed reduction, aircraft performance or operational restrictions.

These examples demonstrate that many useful aviation calculations are based on straightforward mathematical relationships.

If you understand the basic formulas and are comfortable working with numbers, you can solve most of these questions without needing advanced mathematical knowledge.

Improve Your Mental Arithmetic for Flying

Want to practise the calculations pilots commonly encounter?

Our dedicated Mental Arithmetic for Pilots guide explains useful shortcuts for speed, distance and time, descent planning, vertical speed, navigation and percentages.

It also includes worked examples and practice questions to help develop your confidence.


Explore Mental Arithmetic for Pilots →

Do You Need to Pass a Maths Test to Become an Airline Pilot?

Many airline cadet programmes and professional flight training organisations include some form of numerical reasoning or mathematical assessment during their selection process.

These tests are intended to help assess whether applicants have the numerical ability required to undertake professional pilot training.

They may also provide an indication of how efficiently a candidate can process information, apply mathematical principles and solve problems under time pressure.

However, the content and difficulty vary considerably between training organisations and assessment providers.

What Maths Questions Appear in Pilot Aptitude Tests?

Depending on the assessment, candidates may encounter questions involving:

  • Basic mental arithmetic.
  • Multiplication and division.
  • Fractions, ratios and percentages.
  • Speed, distance and time calculations.
  • Simple algebra.
  • Unit conversions.
  • Interpretation of numerical information, charts and tables.
  • Numerical sequences and logical reasoning.
  • Basic geometry and mathematical problem-solving.

Some tests involve aviation-related scenarios, while others use general numerical reasoning questions that don’t require previous flying knowledge.

It’s also important to understand that not every pilot aptitude test is a pure mathematics assessment.

Airlines may assess other abilities such as hand-eye coordination, spatial awareness, multitasking, memory, concentration and decision-making.

Are Calculators Allowed During Pilot Maths Tests?

This depends on the assessment.

Some airline selection tests are designed to assess mental arithmetic without a calculator. Others permit calculators or provide an on-screen calculation tool.

There is also an important distinction between an airline aptitude test and an official aviation theoretical knowledge examination.

For example, the UK CAA permits specified approved calculators during certain professional theoretical knowledge examinations, subject to its published examination rules.

Therefore, it would be incorrect to assume that calculators are prohibited in every form of pilot assessment or aviation examination.

Always follow the instructions provided for the particular assessment you’re taking.

Prepare for Pilot Numerical Reasoning Assessments

If you’re applying for a cadet pilot programme or preparing for airline selection, practising numerical reasoning questions can help you become familiar with the types of problems you may encounter.

FlightDeckFriend provides additional aptitude preparation information and practice material in our Pilot Career Hub.


Pilot Numerical Reasoning Practice →

Can You Become a Pilot If You’re Not Very Good at Maths?

If mathematics has never been your strongest subject, that doesn’t necessarily mean a career as an airline pilot is unrealistic.

People learn at different speeds and often develop their mathematical ability considerably when they begin applying it to subjects they find interesting.

For example, a student who struggles with abstract equations at school may find it easier to understand the same principles when they’re used to explain aircraft navigation or flight planning.

However, it’s important to be realistic.

Professional pilot training requires you to understand and apply mathematical concepts accurately. You will need to pass theoretical examinations and demonstrate that you can use numerical information appropriately.

Being uncomfortable with maths is something you can work on, but it shouldn’t simply be ignored.

What If You Didn’t Get a Good GCSE Maths Grade?

The first step is to investigate the academic requirements of the training programmes you’re interested in.

If an airline or academy requires a particular Maths qualification, you will normally need to satisfy that requirement through an accepted qualification or an explicitly permitted alternative.

For some applicants, retaking GCSE Maths or obtaining another recognised equivalent may be a sensible option.

Others may be eligible for different training pathways with alternative academic entry criteria.

However, don’t assume that completing a degree or gaining work experience automatically overrides an airline’s stated GCSE requirements.

Where a programme specifies minimum academic qualifications, you should confirm which equivalent qualifications or alternative evidence it will accept.

What If You Struggle With Mental Arithmetic?

Some people understand mathematics well when they have time to work through a problem but find mental calculations more difficult under pressure.

This is particularly relevant to aptitude testing, where candidates may be expected to solve relatively simple problems within a limited time.

The encouraging aspect is that mental arithmetic is a skill that can improve significantly with practice.

Learning common numerical shortcuts and becoming familiar with multiplication tables, fractions and percentages can reduce the mental effort required for many calculations.

Accuracy should be your first priority. Once you understand how to solve a problem correctly, you can gradually work on completing it more quickly.

Does Being Good at Maths Make You a Better Pilot?

Mathematical ability is useful, but it is only one of the skills required to become a competent professional pilot.

Flying an aircraft safely also requires effective communication, teamwork, situational awareness, sound judgement, aircraft handling skills and the ability to follow procedures accurately.

Somebody who is exceptionally good at mathematics may still find other aspects of pilot training challenging.

Equally, someone who initially struggles with numerical subjects may develop into a capable pilot if they are able to achieve the required academic, technical and practical standards.

The key is to develop a balanced set of skills appropriate to the profession.

A Good Pilot Needs More Than Mathematical Ability

Professional pilots must demonstrate a range of competencies, including:

  • Effective communication.
  • Teamwork and leadership.
  • Problem-solving and decision-making.
  • Situational awareness.
  • Workload management.
  • Technical knowledge.
  • Aircraft handling and procedural discipline.
  • The ability to recognise mistakes and respond appropriately.

Mathematics supports several of these skills, but it does not replace them.

How to Improve Your Maths Before Starting Pilot Training

If you’re thinking about becoming an airline pilot but are concerned about your maths, we’d recommend developing your confidence before beginning an expensive professional training programme.

You don’t need to spend months studying university-level mathematics. A focused review of the fundamentals is likely to be much more useful for most applicants.

1. Refresh Your Basic Arithmetic

Start by becoming comfortable with addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

Pay particular attention to multiplication tables and calculations involving fractions or decimals.

These skills form the basis of many aviation-related calculations.

2. Practise Percentages, Fractions and Ratios

Learn to calculate common percentages quickly, including 5%, 10%, 12.5%, 20%, 25% and 50%.

For example, 12.5% is one-eighth of a total, so calculating 12.5% of 320 simply requires dividing 320 by eight.

Recognising these relationships can make numerical reasoning questions much easier.

3. Become Familiar With Speed, Distance and Time

One of the most important relationships in aviation is:

Speed = Distance ÷ Time

Distance = Speed × Time

Time = Distance ÷ Speed

Practise rearranging these formulas and applying them to different examples.

Remember that aviation speed is commonly expressed in knots, meaning nautical miles per hour.

4. Review Basic Algebra and Trigonometry

If you haven’t studied maths for several years, it can be useful to revisit rearranging equations and basic trigonometric principles.

You don’t need to become an expert before starting training, but understanding how formulas work will make professional ground school easier.

Pay particular attention to solving equations, working with angles and interpreting simple graphs.

5. Practise With Aviation Examples

Mathematics often becomes easier to understand when you can see how it applies to a real situation.

Rather than repeatedly working through abstract equations, try practising calculations involving aircraft speed, flight time, distance, fuel consumption and altitude.

This can help reinforce the mathematical principles while also developing your understanding of aviation.

6. Introduce Time Pressure Gradually

Once you’re consistently answering questions correctly, begin practising under timed conditions.

For example, you might initially allow yourself two minutes to solve a question before gradually reducing the time available.

Avoid rushing before you’ve properly understood the calculation.

Speed will generally improve as you become more familiar with the methods and no longer need to think through every individual step.

A Simple Weekly Maths Practice Plan

You don’t necessarily need to spend hours practising every day. Short, regular sessions can be a useful way to develop your confidence.

DayPractice Focus
MondayAddition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
TuesdayFractions, percentages and ratios.
WednesdaySpeed, distance and time calculations.
ThursdayAltitude, climb and descent calculations.
FridayAlgebra, formulas and unit conversions.
SaturdayMixed questions under timed conditions.
SundayReview mistakes and revisit difficult subjects.

Even ten to fifteen minutes of focused practice can be worthwhile when maintained consistently. Adjust the difficulty to match your current ability and the assessments you’re preparing for.

Pilot Maths Practice Questions

Now that we’ve explored the mathematics involved in aviation, try answering the following questions without using a calculator.

They cover the types of numerical relationships that are useful when preparing for pilot aptitude assessments and basic aviation calculations.

These are illustrative practice questions rather than questions taken from any airline’s confidential recruitment assessment.

Test Your Mental Arithmetic

Question 1: An aircraft is travelling at a groundspeed of 180 knots. How far will it travel in 20 minutes?

Question 2: An aircraft needs to descend 7,200 feet in six minutes. What average rate of descent is required?

Question 3: An aircraft consumes 3,000 kg of fuel per hour at a constant rate. How much fuel will it consume in 18 minutes?

Question 4: An aircraft is travelling at 240 knots groundspeed. How long will it take to travel 48 nautical miles?

Question 5: An aircraft needs to descend from FL340 to FL100. Using the 3-to-1 rule, approximately how much distance would be required?

Question 6: What is the reciprocal of a heading of 065°?

Question 7: What is 12.5% of 640?

Question 8: A flight departs at 22:40 UTC and takes two hours and 35 minutes. At what UTC time does it arrive?

Question 9: An aircraft climbs 8,000 feet at an average rate of 1,600 feet per minute. How long does the climb take?

Practice Question Answers

Try all nine questions before revealing the answers below.

Question 1 – Distance Travelled

180 knots = 180 nautical miles per hour.

Twenty minutes is one-third of an hour.

180 ÷ 3 = 60.

Answer: 60 nautical miles.


Question 2 – Rate of Descent

7,200 ÷ 6 = 1,200.

Answer: 1,200 feet per minute.


Question 3 – Fuel Consumption

3,000 ÷ 60 = 50 kg per minute.

50 × 18 = 900 kg.

Answer: 900 kg.


Question 4 – Time to Travel 48 NM

240 ÷ 60 = 4 NM per minute.

48 ÷ 4 = 12 minutes.

Answer: 12 minutes.


Question 5 – Descent Distance

FL340 to FL100 represents a nominal altitude difference of 24,000 feet.

24 × 3 = 72 NM.

Answer: Approximately 72 nautical miles using the 3-to-1 shortcut.

This is a rough geometric estimate, not a complete operational descent calculation.


Question 6 – Reciprocal Heading

065° + 180° = 245°.

Answer: 245°.


Question 7 – Percentages

12.5% is equivalent to one-eighth.

640 ÷ 8 = 80.

Answer: 80.


Question 8 – Flight Duration

22:40 + 2 hours = 00:40 the following day.

00:40 + 35 minutes = 01:15.

Answer: 01:15 UTC the following day.


Question 9 – Climb Time

8,000 ÷ 1,600 = 5.

Answer: Five minutes.

How did you get on?

If you answered most of the questions correctly, you already have a useful foundation for many basic aviation calculations.

If you found some of them difficult, review the method behind each answer and practise similar questions using different numbers.

Remember that understanding the process is more valuable than memorising the answers.

Frequently Asked Questions About Maths and Becoming a Pilot

Do you need to be good at maths to become an airline pilot?

You need a reasonable level of mathematical ability, but you don’t need to be exceptionally good at maths.

Basic arithmetic, percentages, algebra and speed–distance–time calculations are particularly useful. Professional pilot training also requires an understanding of more advanced subjects, including navigation and trigonometry.

Can you become a pilot with GCSE Maths grade 4?

A GCSE Maths grade 4 meets the published minimum mathematics requirement for some UK airline-linked cadet programmes, including the easyJet and British Airways examples discussed above.

However, requirements differ between organisations. You should always check the current academic criteria of the specific programme you’re applying for.

Can you become a pilot if you failed GCSE Maths?

Failing GCSE Maths doesn’t necessarily prevent you from pursuing a flying career, but it may make you ineligible for programmes that specify a minimum Maths qualification.

Retaking the examination or obtaining an accepted equivalent qualification may be an option.

It’s important to establish which qualifications the training organisation or airline will accept before applying.

Do you need A-level Maths to become a pilot?

A-level Maths is not universally required for professional pilot training or airline cadet recruitment.

It can provide useful preparation, particularly for subjects such as algebra, trigonometry, navigation and aircraft performance, but many pilot training programmes accept applicants without A-level Maths.

Do you need physics to become a pilot?

Understanding basic physics is useful because professional flight training includes aerodynamics, aircraft performance, engines, electrical systems and meteorology.

However, A-level Physics is not universally mandatory. Individual schools and airlines may establish their own requirements.

Is the maths in ATPL ground school difficult?

Some of the mathematical content can be challenging, particularly if you haven’t studied mathematics for several years.

Subjects such as general navigation, mass and balance, flight planning and aircraft performance require you to understand formulas and apply numerical information accurately.

A good foundation in GCSE-level mathematics, together with basic algebra and trigonometry, can make these subjects easier to understand.

Do pilots use calculators?

Pilots use approved aircraft systems, flight planning tools and performance applications for many operational calculations.

Depending on the examination, approved calculators may also be permitted during theoretical knowledge assessments.

However, mental arithmetic remains useful for quick estimates and checking whether numerical results appear reasonable.

Are airline pilot aptitude maths tests difficult?

The difficulty varies between assessment providers and recruitment programmes.

Some tests involve straightforward arithmetic under time pressure, while others include more demanding numerical reasoning, data interpretation or mathematical problem-solving.

Familiarity with the question types and regular practice can help improve accuracy and confidence.

Can I become a pilot if I’m better at English than Maths?

Being stronger in English than mathematics doesn’t automatically prevent you from becoming a pilot.

However, you must still meet the mathematical requirements of your chosen training programme and demonstrate the knowledge and skills required for professional aviation.

Communication skills are extremely important in flying, so strengths in English and other subjects can also be valuable.

Do you need to do complicated maths while flying an airliner?

Modern commercial aircraft use sophisticated systems to support navigation, flight planning, aircraft performance and other calculations.

Consequently, airline pilots don’t normally spend their flights manually solving complex trigonometric equations.

However, pilots still need to understand relevant mathematical principles, interpret numerical information and make appropriate checks.

What’s the best way to improve maths for pilot training?

Begin by reviewing basic arithmetic, fractions, percentages and algebra.

Then practise aviation-related problems involving speed, distance, time, altitude and fuel calculations.

Once you’re comfortable with the methods, introduce timed exercises to improve your speed while maintaining accuracy.

So, Do You Really Need to Be Good at Maths to Become a Pilot?

You need to be reasonably competent at mathematics, but you don’t need to be a mathematical expert.

Most everyday mental arithmetic used by pilots involves straightforward calculations that become much easier with familiarity and practice.

Professional flight training is more academically demanding, particularly during ATPL ground school, where subjects such as navigation, aircraft performance and mass and balance require a deeper understanding of mathematical principles.

However, these subjects can be learnt, and aspiring pilots can improve their mathematical ability considerably through preparation and regular practice.

If you’re interested in becoming an airline pilot but have never felt particularly confident with maths, the most useful approach is to identify the areas you find difficult and work on developing those skills before beginning training.

It’s also important to remember that successful pilots need far more than mathematical ability. Communication, teamwork, situational awareness, decision-making and professional judgement are all essential parts of the role.

Don’t allow a lack of confidence in maths to discourage you from exploring an aviation career. Instead, establish the requirements of your intended training route and prepare accordingly.

Continue Your Research Into Becoming an Airline Pilot

If you’re considering professional pilot training, understanding the academic requirements is only one part of the process.

You’ll also need to investigate the available training routes, professional qualifications, medical standards and the financial commitments involved.

FlightDeckFriend provides a range of free resources to help aspiring pilots understand these subjects and make informed decisions about their future.

Mental Arithmetic for Pilots

Learn practical aviation maths shortcuts, worked examples and calculations relevant to flying and aptitude assessments.

Improve Your Mental Arithmetic →

Pilot Numerical Reasoning

Explore numerical reasoning and aptitude test preparation resources for aspiring airline pilots.

Numerical Reasoning Practice →

Pilot Licences Explained

Understand the PPL, CPL, ATPL and other qualifications required for professional airline flying.

Read the Pilot Licences Guide →

Integrated vs Modular Training

Compare the two main professional training routes, including costs, flexibility and airline employment considerations.

Compare Flight Training Routes →

Thinking About Becoming an Airline Pilot?

Our comprehensive Become a Pilot resources explain the qualifications, training options, medical requirements and career opportunities available to aspiring pilots.

Whether you’re still at school, considering a career change or preparing to enrol with a flight training organisation, understanding the process can help you plan your next steps.


How to Become an Airline Pilot →

Further Information & Official Resources

Academic entry requirements, pilot licensing regulations and recruitment assessments can vary between organisations and change over time.

We recommend checking the current requirements of the training providers and airlines you’re interested in before making educational or financial commitments.

The following resources provide additional information:


Disclaimer: This article provides general educational information for aspiring pilots. Academic entry requirements, theoretical examination arrangements and airline recruitment criteria may change. The worked calculations are simplified examples intended to explain mathematical principles and should not be used as substitutes for approved aircraft performance data, operational procedures or safety-critical calculations. Always consult the relevant aviation authority, training organisation or airline for current requirements.

Interview a Pilot – For School Projects

Interview a Pilot

Interview Questions for School Projects

School Interview Questions For Pilots

At FlightDeckFriend.com, we receive a lot of requests for interviews with our pilots for school projects. Whilst we are very happy to be contacted to complete such interviews (over email correspondence) we have provided the questions and answers for questions we regularly receive.

Tell me a bit about yourself…

I’m a pilot operating for a well known UK airline. I’ve operated as a First Officer (co-pilot), Captain and Training Captain (a Captain who instructs and supports other pilots). I’ve also flown both Short Haul and Long Haul operations.

How did you get to become a pilot?

I always wanted to be a pilot. An aeroplane was one of the first things I could draw! After going to college and Sixth Form, I went to University and studied Aviation Technology with Pilot Studies. I then completed my commercial flight training before going onto join a low cost airline. I then joined a legacy carrier. I’ve been with my current airline for around 7 years.

How much do you earn?

Pilots wages vary significantly depending on rank, seniority within the company and type of airline. First Officers at an established airline flying a commercial jet can typically expect to earn approximately £40,000 – £120,000 whilst Captains will get between £90,000 – £250,000.

How many hours do you work a day / week?

It varies every day. Some days 2 hours, others 16. Some weeks 20 hours, other weeks over 50 hours. We have strict limits on the amount of hours we can fly – we can’t exceed 900 flight hours a year. This doesn’t include “duty” time such as preflight and post flight paperwork.

Do you get holidays?

Yes, about 6 blocks of between 9 – 14 days off a year. We also get the use of staff travel offering discounted flights and hotels.

Do you have to be particularly skilled?

Yes, but they are skills you can work to acquire. When airlines recruit pilots, they are looking for future Captains. Therefore, they want people who can demonstrate good leadership, teamwork, decision making and communication skills. You’ll also need to have a good standard of Maths, Science and English.

What key skills are required for the job?

Team work, communication, prioritisation, leadership and decision making are a few of they key attributes. A good grasp of Maths and Physics helps.

What training is required?

You need to pass 14 theoretical examinations and complete roughly 150 hours of flight training, passing multiple flight tests before you can apply to become a commercial pilot. You are then training on a specific commercial aircraft before going on to fly passengers. The process usually takes approximately 1 and a half to 2 years.

What subjects should I choose at school?

I would recommend choosing Science and Maths based subjects. Specific subjects that would be useful are Maths, Physics, English, Chemistry, Biology, Geography and IT. However, there is no specific requirement; you can become a pilot with good grades in any subjects you like as long as you have the right skills and attitude.

What do you like most about your job?

The daily variety and challenges that every flight brings. Every flight is different, whether it be the passengers, colleagues, aircraft, weather or destination. No day is ever the same and I wouldn’t it to be?

It’s also a great privilege to travel to far flung destinations across the globe. I’m lucky enough to fly an aircraft that goes anywhere from Australia to South America so I really do get to see the World.

What do you least like about your job?

Getting up at 3am! But at least your day is normally finished by about midday. Flying through the night can also be difficult, but we usually get a bit more time at home compared to a lot of jobs to recover from the nights out of bed.

What is your favourite destination?

The approach into London City airport is absolutely spectacular, especially when landing on the easterly runway. You fly at 2,000ft above central London, something few people get to experience.

What Should I Study at School to Become a Pilot?

What subjects should I study at school to become an airline pilot ?

What subjects should you study at school to become a pilot?

In order to become a commercial airline pilot, just about all airlines require you to have at least 5 GCSE’s that are grades A – C (or equivalent) including Maths, English and Science. At school, try and work hard in all subjects but in particular these three core areas. These are the very minimum qualifications that you should look to achieve.

Other than the core areas of Maths, Science and English, your choice of subjects at secondary education level doesn’t matter too much. Geography is likely to be a good choice for obvious reasons, but even subjects like music or art are likely to help you become well-rounded individual, something which the airlines are looking for.

Extra-Curricular Activity Ideas for Prospective Pilots

Whilst at secondary school or equivalent education, there a number of extracurricular activities that you can do which will help support development of the skills and attitude you need to become a pilot. It will also help to ensure that your CV stands out above the competition. Airline recruiters like to see someone who has actively been involved in activities above and beyond just simply turning up at school. These include:

Air Training Corps (Air Cadets) / Army / Navy Cadets – Joining your local Air Training Corps (ATC) squadron or other armed forces cadets is a big positive and you’ll find many pilots were once part of this organisation. It will help you to develop a skill set that is highly transferable to the role of commercial pilot, such as furthering your leadership, teamwork and communication skills. It will also give you the opportunity to have a go at flying for free to give you a taste of what flying a plane is really like.

Sports Teams – Get involved in a school or local sports team. This demonstrates the ability to work within a team and form social relationships, improving communication skills.

Duke of Edinburgh (DoE) Award – This covers a range of skills and attributes many of which are transferable to be successful in your flight training and flying career. Airline recruiters love it!

Scouts – a team-based organisation who take part in adventure exercises etc. You can join from a young age before transitioning to the Air Training Corps.

What should I study at A-Levels / Higher Education if I want to become a pilot?

Some airlines also require you to hold some A-Levels or a higher education equivalent. Regardless of which airline you are looking to apply to, we would recommend you complete your A-Levels, as most people who you are competing with for a position will hold such qualifications and you will be too young to apply for a cadet program on completion of your GCSEs. It also gives you the opportunity to build up some valuable life experience, such as having a part time job whilst studying.

We would suggest you choose some a couple of strong core subjects for your A-Levels / higher education, such as Maths, Physics, Chemistry, English and Geography. These subjects not only look good on paper, but will provide you with a sound theoretical foundation from which to go on and complete the theory side of your flight training, which is heavily science and maths based.

It’s fine to choose other subjects as well, airlines are seeking well rounded individuals, but a couple of core subjects is probably a good idea.

You should be looking to achieve a minimum of a grade C in all of your A-Level subjects.

During your A-Levels / higher education, try to keep involved in the extra-curricular activities as described above.

What Should I Study at University to Become a Pilot?

There are now lots of Aviation specific degree programs which incorporate commercial flight training so it is possible to obtain both a degree and commercial pilots’ licence at the same time.

However, whether to actually pursue this option is down to individual circumstances and the decision of whether or not to go to University is not an easy one. There are advantages and disadvantages to either option which are discussed on our dedicated page.

Ultimately you could start your very expensive flight training having already accrued £/€ 30,000 of debt if you live in a country where you pay to go to university. As pilots earn high salaries, you will almost certainly have to pay all of this debt back and it will be quite a chunk out of your payslip! Given you can start your flight training without a degree, is the extra debt and potential lost earnings worth it?

On the other side of the argument, if it all goes wrong, such as losing your pilot medical or get made redundant (due to something like the Covid-19 pandemic), if you’ve already got a degree at least you’ve got something to fall back on to support you getting a job outside of the aviation industry.

Our advice is that if you do choose to go to University, chose a subject that genuinely interests you as you are more likely to have a better experience and obtain a good classification. It might be beneficial to choose an aviation-based subject, but it isn’t essential. Airlines and flight training organisations would be happy to see a well recognised degree in a good subject on your CV, and perhaps consider one which gives you a fall-back career.

What Qualifications are Required to be a Pilot?

What Qualifications do I Require to be a Pilot?

An overview of the qualifications and education needed to become an airline pilot


What Qualifications Do You Need to Become an Airline Pilot?

Updated 12 October 2026 | A comprehensive guide to the education, qualifications and requirements for becoming an airline pilot.

If you’re considering becoming an airline pilot, one of the first questions you’re likely to ask is what qualifications you’ll need.

Do you need good GCSE results? Are A-levels compulsory? Is a university degree necessary? And what happens if you didn’t achieve particularly good grades at school?

These are important questions, particularly because professional flight training represents a substantial investment of time and money. Understanding the entry requirements before choosing a training organisation can help you avoid unnecessary expense and make informed decisions about your future.

The encouraging news is that you don’t necessarily need A-levels or a university degree to become an airline pilot. However, you will need to meet the requirements of your chosen flight training programme and ultimately obtain the appropriate professional pilot qualifications.

It’s important to understand that the academic qualifications requested by individual airlines and flight schools are not necessarily the same as the requirements established by aviation licensing authorities.

For example, a pilot may be eligible to obtain a Commercial Pilot Licence without holding a particular set of GCSE qualifications, but an airline-sponsored cadet programme may require applicants to have achieved specified grades in Maths, English and Science.

In this guide, we’ll explain the educational qualifications typically expected of aspiring airline pilots, the professional licences and medical certification required, the different training routes available and what you can do if your existing qualifications don’t meet a particular programme’s entry criteria.

What Qualifications Do You Need to Be an Airline Pilot?

For most aspiring airline pilots in the UK and Europe, the requirements fall into three main categories.

1. Academic Qualifications

Many airlines and training organisations ask for good secondary-school qualifications, often including:

  • GCSE Mathematics.
  • GCSE English.
  • GCSE Science.
  • Additional GCSEs or equivalent qualifications.

The precise grades and number of subjects required depend on the programme.

2. Medical & Eligibility Requirements

You will need to satisfy relevant requirements relating to:

  • A Class 1 aviation medical.
  • Minimum licensing age.
  • English language proficiency.
  • Identity and documentation.
  • Any applicable employment and immigration conditions.

Additional criteria may apply to individual training programmes and employers.

3. Professional Pilot Qualifications

Before operating as an airline First Officer, you’ll need an appropriate licensing pathway, normally involving:

  • A CPL with relevant ratings and training, or an MPL.
  • Required theoretical knowledge examinations.
  • Relevant aircraft qualifications.
  • Airline-specific training and checking.

The precise combination depends on your training route and intended operation.

The most important distinction: Aviation authorities establish the requirements for pilot licences, while airlines and flight schools may impose additional selection and educational requirements.

What Academic Qualifications Do You Need to Become a Pilot?

One of the biggest misconceptions about becoming an airline pilot is that you must hold a particular academic qualification, such as a university degree or a specific number of A-levels.

In reality, the requirements are more complicated because they depend on the licensing authority, training route and airline or flight school concerned.

Within the UK CAA and EASA licensing frameworks, the requirements for professional pilot licences focus on matters such as theoretical knowledge, flight training, flying experience, practical competence, age and medical certification.

These licensing requirements do not establish one universal set of GCSE, A-level or university-degree qualifications that every professional pilot must hold.

However, airlines and professional flight training organisations may introduce additional educational entry criteria.

For example, an airline operating a cadet programme may require a certain number of GCSE passes, while another employer recruiting experienced First Officers may concentrate primarily on flying experience, licences, ratings and operational qualifications.

Consequently, being eligible to obtain a professional pilot licence does not automatically make you eligible for every airline recruitment programme.

RequirementPilot LicensingAirlines & Flight Schools
GCSEs or equivalentNo universal GCSE grade requirement for a CPL.Frequently requested, particularly for cadet programmes.
A-levelsNot a universal licensing prerequisite.Some programmes may require them or accept equivalent qualifications.
University degreeNot universally required for professional pilot licensing.May be required or preferred by particular employers or programmes.
Class 1 medicalRequired for professional CPL, MPL and ATPL privileges.Normally required for airline pilot pathways, sometimes with additional company criteria.
English proficiencyAppropriate language proficiency endorsement required for relevant radiotelephony privileges.Airlines normally expect strong operational English.
Flight training & examinationsRequired for the relevant licence and ratings.Additional assessments and operator training may apply.

This distinction is important when researching professional flight training.

You may discover that one course accepts applicants with relatively modest academic qualifications, while another requires several GCSEs, A-levels or other evidence of academic ability.

Neither situation necessarily means the final pilot licence is fundamentally different. Instead, the organisations have established different selection criteria for their training programmes.

What GCSEs Do You Need to Become an Airline Pilot?

For aspiring pilots in the United Kingdom, GCSE qualifications are often the starting point when considering professional flight training.

Many airline cadet schemes expect applicants to demonstrate a reasonable standard of secondary education, particularly in subjects relevant to communication, technical understanding and numerical reasoning.

The subjects most frequently requested include:

  • Mathematics: Useful for navigation, aircraft performance, flight planning and numerical reasoning.
  • English: Important for communication, technical study, examinations and professional aviation operations.
  • Science: Provides useful foundations for understanding physics, aerodynamics, meteorology and aircraft systems.

However, the number of GCSEs required and the minimum grades vary between airlines and training organisations.

Examples of Airline Cadet Programme GCSE Requirements

To illustrate how academic entry standards can differ, let’s consider two established UK airline cadet training pathways.

easyJet – Pilot Training Programmes

easyJet’s published entry requirements include:

  • Five GCSEs at grades 4–9 (A–C) or equivalent.
  • Mathematics.
  • English.
  • Science.
  • Two additional subjects.

The airline also specifies other requirements relating to age, medical certification, English language proficiency and employment eligibility.

Source: easyJet – Become a Pilot. Always check the latest criteria for your chosen programme.

British Airways – Speedbird Pilot Academy

The published entry requirements for the 2026 Speedbird Pilot Academy included:

  • Six GCSEs at grades 4–9 (A–C) or equivalent.
  • Mathematics.
  • English Language.
  • A science subject.
  • Three additional subjects.

The airline also established specific age, medical, language, travel and other eligibility requirements.

Source: British Airways – Speedbird Pilot Academy Preparation. The 2026 application window has closed, and future requirements may differ.

These examples demonstrate why applicants should research individual programmes rather than assuming every airline has identical requirements.

They also highlight the benefit of obtaining good secondary-school qualifications where possible, particularly if you haven’t yet decided which airlines or training organisations you would like to apply to.

Is GCSE Maths Important for Becoming a Pilot?

Mathematics is one of the most useful subjects for aspiring pilots.

Professional flight training involves calculations relating to navigation, speed, distance, time, fuel, aircraft loading and performance.

However, you don’t need to be exceptionally talented at mathematics to become a pilot.

A sound understanding of basic arithmetic, fractions, percentages, algebra and simple trigonometry provides a useful foundation for professional training.

It is important to distinguish between being able to perform complicated calculations mentally and understanding the mathematical principles required to operate an aircraft safely.

For more information, read our Do You Need to Be Good at Maths to Be a Pilot? guide.

What If You Have Qualifications From Outside the UK?

If you completed your education outside the UK, you may hold qualifications that are equivalent to GCSEs or A-levels.

These could include national secondary-school certificates, European qualifications, the International Baccalaureate or other recognised educational awards.

However, the exact equivalency requirements are determined by the airline or training organisation concerned.

For example, an organisation requesting GCSE Maths at grade 4 may require evidence that your qualification meets an equivalent academic standard.

Some programmes may ask for an official equivalency assessment or supporting documentation.

Before applying, contact the organisation if you are unsure whether your qualifications are accepted.

Do You Need A-Levels to Become an Airline Pilot?

A-levels are not universally required to become a commercial airline pilot.

Some airline-linked programmes and professional flight training organisations accept applicants who meet their specified GCSE requirements without requiring additional A-level qualifications.

Others may request A-levels, vocational qualifications or an equivalent level of education.

Consequently, whether you need A-levels depends on the particular programme you’re interested in joining.

However, even where they are not compulsory, obtaining A-level qualifications can still be beneficial.

They provide evidence of further academic study and may give you greater flexibility when applying to different training organisations, universities or airlines.

Which A-Level Subjects Are Best for Aspiring Pilots?

There isn’t one combination of A-level subjects that guarantees success in airline pilot training.

However, some subjects provide particularly useful preparation for the technical and academic demands of the profession.

Mathematics

Develops numerical reasoning, algebra, problem-solving and mathematical understanding useful during navigation, flight planning and aircraft performance training.

Physics

Provides useful foundations for aerodynamics, mechanics, forces, electricity, engines and other technical principles relevant to aircraft operations.

English

Develops communication, comprehension and analytical skills. Clear and effective communication is fundamental to safe airline operations.

Other Subjects

Computer Science, Geography and other academic or vocational subjects can also develop useful skills and provide alternatives if you later decide to pursue another career.

Although Maths and Physics are particularly relevant to aviation, you shouldn’t necessarily choose subjects that you strongly dislike simply because you think airlines expect them.

It is generally more useful to select a combination of subjects that allows you to achieve good results while meeting the actual entry requirements of the programmes you’re considering.

For a more detailed discussion, read our What Should I Study at School to Become a Pilot? guide.

Are BTECs and Other Vocational Qualifications Accepted?

Some airlines and training organisations accept recognised vocational qualifications or other educational awards as alternatives to A-levels.

However, the precise qualification, grade and subject requirements vary.

For example, a programme may accept a relevant vocational qualification as evidence of further education while still requiring particular GCSE subjects and grades.

Applicants should therefore avoid assuming that a BTEC, apprenticeship or university qualification automatically replaces every other academic requirement.

Where equivalency is unclear, obtain written confirmation from the organisation before applying.

Do You Need a University Degree to Become an Airline Pilot?

Another common misconception is that you need a university degree before you can begin professional pilot training.

A university degree is not a universal requirement for obtaining a Commercial Pilot Licence in the UK or EASA licensing systems.

Many airline cadet programmes and professional training organisations accept applicants without a degree, provided they meet the relevant entry criteria.

However, some airlines, countries or recruitment pathways may require a degree or give preference to applicants holding one.

The requirements vary internationally and can also change over time.

What Are the Advantages of Going to University First?

Although university isn’t compulsory for every aspiring airline pilot, there are several reasons why somebody might decide to complete a degree before beginning professional flight training.

A degree can provide an additional qualification and an alternative career pathway if you decide not to pursue aviation or are unable to secure flying employment immediately after training.

University can also provide opportunities to develop independence, communication skills, teamwork and experience managing a demanding workload.

For some people, this additional academic and personal experience is valuable preparation before entering a profession involving considerable responsibility.

What Are the Disadvantages of University Before Flight Training?

The main disadvantages are the additional time and potential cost involved.

Completing a degree can delay the start of professional flight training, and university fees or associated borrowing may affect your ability to finance an aviation career.

For someone who is already eligible to enrol on a suitable professional training programme, attending university solely because they believe airlines require a degree may therefore be unnecessary.

However, circumstances differ, and there are valid reasons for choosing either approach.

Should You Go to University Before Becoming a Pilot?

We would recommend considering your personal circumstances, finances and long-term career options rather than assuming university is either essential or a waste of time.

If you have a genuine interest in a degree subject and would value having an alternative qualification, university may be worthwhile.

If your preferred flight training pathway doesn’t require a degree and you already meet the entry criteria, professional training may be an appropriate next step without one.

Explore our Should I Go to University Before Becoming a Pilot? guide for a more detailed discussion.

What Professional Qualifications Do You Need to Become an Airline Pilot?

Academic qualifications are only one aspect of becoming a pilot.

Regardless of your school grades or university education, you must complete the relevant flight training and obtain the appropriate aviation qualifications before working as an airline pilot.

In the UK and Europe, two principal licensing pathways are commonly used by aspiring airline First Officers.

The traditional route leads towards a Commercial Pilot Licence with the associated ratings and theoretical knowledge qualifications. The alternative is an approved Multi-Crew Pilot Licence programme.

The Traditional CPL and Frozen ATPL Route

Most people researching traditional professional pilot training will encounter the expression frozen ATPL.

This term refers informally to the professional licensing qualifications commonly held by newly qualified pilots before they have accumulated the experience necessary for a full Airline Transport Pilot Licence.

It is important to understand that a frozen ATPL isn’t a separate licence issued by the UK CAA or EASA.

For a typical airline First Officer pathway, the required qualification package normally includes the following elements.

QualificationWhat It Involves
Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL)Professional pilot licensing privileges obtained through approved training, examinations and a practical skill test.
ATPL Theoretical KnowledgeTheoretical examinations covering subjects such as navigation, aircraft systems, performance, meteorology and flight planning.
Instrument Rating (IR)Training and assessment for the relevant instrument flying privileges.
Multi-Engine QualificationsAircraft class and instrument privileges appropriate to the intended professional pathway.
MCC / APS MCCMulti-crew cooperation training, often including airline-oriented procedures and simulator exercises.
Advanced UPRTUpset prevention and recovery training required before the first applicable multi-pilot type rating, subject to the relevant rules.

The exact qualifications and sequence depend on the training programme, aircraft and licensing authority.

Once recruited by an airline, the pilot must also complete the relevant aircraft type rating and operator training before undertaking normal line operations.

What Is an MPL?

The Multi-Crew Pilot Licence (MPL) offers an alternative route into airline flying.

Unlike the traditional CPL pathway, MPL training is specifically designed around the competencies required to operate as a co-pilot in a multi-crew commercial aircraft.

MPL programmes are commonly associated with an airline or a structured airline-linked training arrangement.

The initial privileges of an MPL are more specialised than those of a CPL, although additional qualifications and privileges can be obtained by meeting the applicable requirements.

Both pathways can lead to employment as an airline First Officer, provided the applicant meets the relevant licensing and recruitment requirements.

For a detailed explanation of these qualifications, see our Airline Pilot Licences Explained guide.

What Is ATPL Ground School Like?

The theoretical element of professional flight training can be academically demanding, even for students who achieved good results at school.

You’ll study a substantial syllabus covering subjects including aircraft systems, navigation, aviation law, meteorology, flight planning, human performance and aircraft performance.

Many students find that one of the greatest challenges is the amount of information that must be understood, retained and applied within a relatively short period.

For example, an integrated professional course may involve intensive ground school with a demanding timetable, while modular training can provide greater flexibility over when certain stages are completed.

Neither route removes the requirement to achieve the relevant examination standards.

The number and organisation of theoretical examination subjects should be checked against the current syllabus of your intended licensing authority. The UK CAA and EASA publish the applicable requirements, including how communications examinations are structured.

How Difficult Is Professional Pilot Training?

Professional pilot training requires a reasonable academic ability, motivation and a willingness to work consistently.

However, it would be misleading to describe ATPL ground school as simply equivalent to GCSE or A-level study. The subjects cover different technical material, and the combination of content, pace and examination requirements creates its own challenges.

Some students find the technical concepts demanding, while others struggle more with the workload and the amount of information that must be retained.

Developing effective study habits before training can be just as valuable as obtaining strong school grades.

Medical Requirements to Become an Airline Pilot

In addition to academic and professional qualifications, aspiring airline pilots must satisfy the applicable medical standards.

For the normal UK CAA and EASA professional licensing pathways, this involves obtaining a Class 1 medical certificate.

The medical assessment considers a range of factors relevant to safely operating an aircraft, including eyesight, hearing, cardiovascular health and general medical fitness.

Medical certification can involve further assessments where an applicant has a particular medical history or condition.

It is therefore important not to assume that a medical condition automatically prevents someone from becoming a pilot, or that it will necessarily be acceptable without further investigation.

Should You Get a Class 1 Medical Before Flight Training?

We strongly recommend establishing whether you meet the relevant Class 1 medical requirements before making a substantial financial commitment to professional flight training.

A trial flying lesson or some initial recreational flying may be possible before obtaining a professional medical certificate, subject to the relevant rules.

However, if your objective is an airline career, identifying a potentially significant medical issue early can prevent considerable financial and personal difficulty later.

The UK CAA specifically advises prospective pilots to check the relevant medical requirements before committing to a full training programme.

Class 1 vs Class 2 Medical Certificates

Class 1: Required for professional CPL, MPL and ATPL privileges.

Class 2: Generally required for the exercise of PPL privileges, subject to the relevant licensing and medical arrangements.

Meeting the Class 2 medical standard does not necessarily mean that you will meet the Class 1 requirements.

For further information, read our Airline Pilot Medical Requirements guide.

How Old Do You Need to Be to Become a Pilot?

Another area that often causes confusion is the minimum age required to begin flight training.

You do not generally need to be 18 years old before taking flying lessons.

In fact, many people begin learning to fly while they’re still at school.

However, there are minimum ages for undertaking a first solo flight and obtaining particular pilot licences.

MilestoneTypical Minimum Age
Begin dual flying lessonsCan begin before 16, subject to the school and applicable requirements.
First supervised solo flight in an aeroplane16 years.
Private Pilot Licence (PPL)17 years.
Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL)18 years.
Multi-Crew Pilot Licence (MPL)18 years.
Full Airline Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL)21 years, together with the required experience and other qualifications.

These ages relate to the relevant licensing milestones, rather than establishing one minimum age for all training activities.

For example, a student may begin flying lessons before turning 16 and subsequently work towards a PPL once they meet the required age and other conditions.

Likewise, some airline cadet programmes allow applications from younger candidates but require them to reach a specified age before training begins.

Individual flight schools and airlines may also establish their own minimum age requirements.

Is There a Maximum Age for Starting Pilot Training?

There isn’t one universal maximum age at which somebody must begin flight training.

However, individual airline cadet programmes may establish age-related eligibility criteria, and commercial air transport operations are subject to age-related regulatory limitations.

For someone considering a career change later in life, it’s important to assess the likely training duration, cost, medical eligibility and realistic opportunities for employment.

Our How Old Is Too Old to Start Flight Training? guide explores this question in greater detail.

English Language Requirements for Airline Pilots

English is widely used throughout international commercial aviation, including in air traffic control communications, operational documentation and communication between flight crew members.

Consequently, aspiring airline pilots must be able to communicate effectively in English.

Within the UK CAA licensing system, pilots exercising relevant radio communication privileges must demonstrate an appropriate English language proficiency level.

The recognised assessment framework uses the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) language proficiency scale.

ICAO Level 4 is the minimum operational language proficiency level for the relevant licensing endorsement.

Higher levels are also recognised, and the validity and reassessment requirements depend on the level achieved.

What Does ICAO Level 4 Mean?

ICAO Level 4 is an operational language standard designed to assess whether a pilot can communicate effectively in routine and unexpected situations.

The assessment considers areas such as pronunciation, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency and the ability to communicate clearly.

It is not simply a test of whether somebody understands a few standard aviation phrases.

Airlines may also establish additional English proficiency expectations, particularly where the working language of the flight crew is English.

For applicants whose first language isn’t English, developing strong listening and speaking skills before training can be particularly valuable.

Official guidance is available on the UK CAA Language Proficiency page.

Passport, Nationality and Right-to-Work Requirements

In addition to holding the relevant professional qualifications, airline pilots must satisfy the employment, immigration and travel requirements applicable to their intended employer.

These requirements are separate from the conditions for obtaining a pilot licence.

For example, an individual might hold a valid professional pilot licence but still be unable to accept employment with a particular airline because they do not have the necessary immigration status or permission to work in that country.

Do You Need a Passport to Become a Pilot?

A valid passport is commonly required for international airline employment and may be part of an airline’s recruitment criteria.

Some airlines specify that applicants must be able to travel across their operating network without particular restrictions.

However, holding an unrestricted passport is not a universal prerequisite for every form of private or commercial pilot licensing.

The relevant requirement depends on the intended operation and employer.

Do You Need the Right to Work in the Airline’s Country?

Airlines normally need to establish that applicants are legally entitled to undertake the employment being offered.

For example, a recruitment programme may require applicants to already hold permission to live and work in the country where the position is based.

Other employers may have different arrangements or immigration-related requirements.

Because these matters can affect whether you are eligible to apply, it’s worth checking them before investing in professional training intended for a particular airline or country.

UK CAA vs EASA Licences

UK CAA and EASA pilot licensing systems share many principles, but they are separate regulatory frameworks.

A UK-issued professional pilot licence should not automatically be assumed to satisfy every European airline’s licensing requirements, or vice versa.

If you intend to work for a particular airline, confirm which licensing authority’s qualifications it accepts before enrolling in a professional training programme.

Choosing the appropriate licensing pathway early can help avoid additional conversion requirements, examinations, administration and expense.

What Is the Best Training Route to Become an Airline Pilot?

Once you’ve established that you meet the relevant academic, medical and eligibility requirements, the next step is choosing how to complete your professional flight training.

In the UK and Europe, aspiring airline pilots commonly consider integrated training, modular training or an airline-linked cadet programme.

Each has advantages and disadvantages.

Integrated Flight Training

A structured, continuous professional training programme normally undertaken full-time through an Approved Training Organisation.

Students progress through theoretical knowledge, practical flying and the required professional qualifications according to an approved syllabus.

Integrated training may appeal to applicants who want a clearly organised course and can commit the necessary time and finances.

Course entry requirements are set by the training organisation and may include academic and aptitude assessments.

Modular Flight Training

A stage-by-stage pathway in which students progressively obtain the required licences, ratings and qualifications.

Modular students normally begin with a Private Pilot Licence before accumulating further experience and completing professional training.

The route can provide greater flexibility over where and when training takes place.

It may be particularly suitable for applicants who wish to continue working during some stages of training.

Airline Cadet Programmes

Structured training arrangements associated with an airline or designated training partner.

Programmes may use an integrated, modular or MPL-based training pathway.

Financial and employment arrangements vary considerably between schemes.

Some offer substantial financial support, while others require students to fund part or all of their training.

There isn’t one route that is automatically better for every applicant.

Integrated training may provide a more structured learning environment, while modular training offers greater flexibility. Airline-linked programmes can provide valuable opportunities where the contractual and financial arrangements are appropriate.

Our comprehensive Integrated vs Modular Flight Training Guide explains the differences in detail.

Do All Flight Schools Have the Same Entry Requirements?

No. Although professional pilot training must meet the applicable regulatory standards, training organisations can establish different selection criteria.

Some organisations may require specific GCSEs or A-levels, while others focus on an applicant’s overall educational background and performance during entrance assessments.

Some may accept recognised alternative qualifications or consider applicants with relevant previous experience.

However, applicants should never assume that a particular qualification will be accepted unless the training provider confirms it.

It’s therefore worth comparing several schools rather than concluding that professional pilot training is impossible because you don’t meet the requirements of one organisation.

Can You Become an Airline Pilot If You Didn’t Do Well at School?

Not achieving particularly good results at school does not necessarily mean that becoming an airline pilot is impossible.

Academic performance can be influenced by many factors, and some people develop stronger study skills and greater motivation later in life.

Someone who struggled with mathematics or science at school may subsequently improve their understanding through further education, employment or independent study.

However, it’s important to recognise that professional pilot training is academically demanding.

Students must understand and apply technical information, pass theoretical examinations and demonstrate the practical competence required to operate aircraft safely.

There is therefore a difference between not having particularly strong school qualifications and not possessing the knowledge or ability needed to complete professional training.

The former may sometimes be addressed through alternative educational pathways or by applying to programmes with different academic requirements. The latter requires additional learning and preparation.

What If You Failed GCSE Maths or English?

If you didn’t achieve the GCSE grades required by your preferred airline or training organisation, you may need to consider obtaining an accepted qualification before applying.

For example, retaking GCSE Maths or English could allow you to meet the published criteria of a programme that previously wasn’t available to you.

Some organisations may accept equivalent qualifications, although the decision rests with the programme concerned.

You should also consider whether your current knowledge is sufficient for the demands of professional ground school.

If you find basic mathematics challenging, it may be worthwhile undertaking further study before beginning expensive flight training.

What If You Have No A-Levels?

Not having A-levels doesn’t automatically prevent you from pursuing professional pilot training.

Some airline cadet programmes and professional training organisations do not require A-level qualifications.

Others may ask for A-levels or equivalent educational achievements.

Research the specific requirements of your intended programmes and consider whether any additional qualifications would improve your eligibility.

What If You’re Changing Careers Later in Life?

Many people considering professional flight training have already spent several years working in another industry.

For these applicants, school qualifications may have been completed a long time ago.

Some training organisations may be interested in the additional skills and experience developed through employment, particularly where these demonstrate maturity, responsibility, teamwork or technical ability.

However, previous work experience doesn’t automatically replace academic requirements that an airline has explicitly made compulsory.

Career changers should therefore check the relevant entry criteria and consider whether their current mathematical, scientific and study skills are sufficient for professional training.

Our Advice If Your School Grades Aren’t Particularly Strong

Before ruling out a career in aviation, we would suggest taking a practical approach.

  • Research the current academic entry requirements of several airlines and approved training organisations.
  • Identify any specific qualifications you may need to retake or obtain.
  • Ask whether recognised equivalent qualifications are accepted.
  • Consider your current mathematical, scientific and English language abilities.
  • Undertake further preparation where necessary.
  • Consider an initial aptitude assessment to identify possible areas for improvement.

The aim should be to establish whether there is a realistic and affordable pathway towards professional qualifications, rather than making assumptions based solely on school results from several years ago.

What Skills Do Airlines Look for Beyond Academic Qualifications?

Although academic qualifications are important, airline recruitment involves assessing a much broader range of abilities.

Being a successful professional pilot requires technical knowledge, sound judgement, effective communication and the ability to work as part of a crew.

Airlines may assess these qualities through aptitude testing, interviews, group exercises, simulator assessments and other selection activities.

Important Skills for Aspiring Airline Pilots

  • Communication: Explaining information clearly, listening effectively and communicating appropriately with others.
  • Teamwork: Working cooperatively, recognising the needs of others and contributing positively to a crew.
  • Decision-making: Assessing information and making appropriate decisions within the relevant procedures.
  • Situational awareness: Understanding what is happening, recognising important changes and anticipating potential problems.
  • Workload management: Prioritising tasks and remaining organised under pressure.
  • Technical aptitude: Understanding systems, procedures and the practical application of technical knowledge.
  • Professional attitude: Demonstrating responsibility, integrity, motivation and a willingness to learn.

Good academic results can demonstrate useful abilities, but they are not a substitute for the professional competencies expected of airline pilots.

What Happens During Airline Cadet Selection?

The recruitment process varies between airlines and training programmes, but applicants may be required to complete several different assessments.

These can include numerical reasoning, technical aptitude, spatial awareness, coordination and multitasking exercises.

Other stages may involve interviews, group discussions, presentations or exercises designed to assess non-technical competencies.

For example, easyJet’s published recruitment process includes technical aptitude testing, followed by non-technical assessments involving a group exercise and an interview.

This demonstrates why good academic qualifications alone are not sufficient to guarantee selection.

Applicants must also show that they possess the broader skills and potential required for professional flight training.

Preparing for an Airline Cadet Pilot Assessment?

FlightDeckFriend provides specialist preparation resources for aspiring pilots applying to airline cadet training programmes.

Our Cadet Pilot Selection Guide covers motivational and competency questions, numerical reasoning, basic aviation knowledge and other preparation topics relevant to cadet selection.


Explore the Cadet Pilot Selection Guide →

Independent preparation guidance. Not affiliated with or endorsed by any airline.

What Should You Check Before Choosing a Flight Training Organisation?

Meeting the academic requirements is an important step, but it shouldn’t be the only factor you consider when choosing a flight school.

Professional flight training involves substantial financial commitments, and the differences between training providers can be significant.

Before enrolling, investigate the qualifications you’ll receive, the relevant licensing authority, the course structure and the organisation’s ability to deliver the advertised training.

Flight Training Organisation Checklist

Before committing to a professional course, we recommend confirming:

  • Academic entry requirements: Do you meet the school’s published qualifications criteria?
  • Regulatory approval: Is the organisation appropriately approved for the professional courses it offers?
  • Licensing authority: Will you be working towards a UK CAA, EASA or another licence?
  • Medical requirements: Have you established that you meet the relevant Class 1 standard?
  • Selection process: Does the school require aptitude tests, interviews or other entrance assessments?
  • Course inclusions: Which licences, ratings and additional training courses are included?
  • Training costs: What is the total expected cost, including additional flying, examinations and other expenses?
  • Payment arrangements: What happens to prepaid training fees if your circumstances change or the provider cannot complete the course?
  • Airline relationships: Are any recruitment arrangements formal, current and clearly explained?
  • Employment outcomes: Can the school provide meaningful and verifiable information about graduate employment?

Obtain clear written information before making a substantial payment, and consider speaking with current students and recent graduates.

Do You Need to Pass a Flight School Entrance Test?

Some professional flight training organisations assess applicants before offering them a place.

These assessments may consider numerical reasoning, technical understanding, aptitude, communication, motivation and other skills relevant to professional aviation.

The purpose is to help determine whether the applicant is likely to be suitable for the training programme.

However, the content and standard of entrance assessments differ between schools.

Not every organisation uses the same testing provider or selection process.

An assessment can provide useful information about your current abilities, but applicants should also consider the school’s published entry requirements and any preparation guidance supplied.

Consider the Financial Commitment Carefully

Even if you meet every academic and aptitude requirement, it’s important to evaluate whether the training is financially realistic.

Professional pilot training is expensive, and successfully obtaining your qualifications does not guarantee immediate airline employment.

Before committing to a course, consider how you would manage additional training expenses, unexpected delays or a period of unemployment after graduation.

You should also establish whether the programme is genuinely funded, partially supported or entirely self-financed.

For further information, see our Pilot Training Costs Guide and How to Finance Commercial Flight Training.

A Practical Checklist for Aspiring Airline Pilots

If you’re still researching whether you meet the requirements to become an airline pilot, the following steps provide a useful starting point.

1. Check Your Education

Compare your GCSEs, A-levels or equivalent qualifications with the entry requirements of the airlines and training organisations you’re considering.

2. Confirm Medical Eligibility

Establish whether you meet the relevant Class 1 medical requirements before making a significant non-refundable investment.

3. Research Training Routes

Understand the differences between integrated, modular and airline-linked training, including their qualifications, costs and contractual arrangements.

4. Prepare for Selection

Develop your numerical reasoning, technical understanding, communication skills and knowledge of the profession before applying.

The aim is to build a realistic understanding of the requirements and opportunities available to you, rather than simply choosing the first course that appears suitable.

Qualifications to Become a Pilot – Frequently Asked Questions

What qualifications do you need to become an airline pilot in the UK?

You need to complete the appropriate professional flight training and obtain the relevant pilot licence, ratings, theoretical knowledge qualifications and medical certification.

Individual airlines and training organisations may also require specified GCSEs, A-levels or equivalent qualifications.

There isn’t one universal set of academic entry requirements that applies to every UK airline pilot training programme.

How many GCSEs do you need to become a pilot?

The number depends on the programme.

For example, easyJet’s published pilot training entry requirements include five GCSEs at grades 4–9, including Maths, English and Science.

British Airways’ 2026 Speedbird Pilot Academy specified six GCSEs, including the same core subjects.

Other organisations may establish different criteria or accept recognised equivalents.

Can you become a pilot without GCSEs?

Specific GCSE grades are not a universal legal prerequisite for the issue of a professional pilot licence.

However, many airline cadet programmes and training organisations require evidence of secondary-school education.

Applicants without GCSEs should investigate the accepted qualifications and entry criteria of individual programmes.

Can you become an airline pilot with GCSE Maths grade 4?

GCSE Maths grade 4 satisfies the published mathematics requirement of some UK airline cadet programmes, including the easyJet and British Airways examples discussed in this article.

However, an applicant must meet all the other entry requirements, and individual programmes may establish different standards.

What A-levels do you need to be a pilot?

There isn’t one compulsory combination of A-level subjects for every professional pilot training pathway.

Mathematics and Physics can provide useful preparation, but they aren’t universally required as A-level qualifications.

Applicants should investigate the specific entry requirements of their preferred airlines and training organisations.

Do you need a degree to become an airline pilot?

A degree is not universally required for professional pilot licensing or airline cadet recruitment in the UK.

Some airlines and international recruitment programmes may have degree requirements or preferences, but many training pathways accept applicants without one.

Do you need to be good at Maths and Science?

You need a reasonable understanding of mathematics and the scientific principles relevant to flight.

Professional ground school involves subjects such as navigation, aerodynamics, meteorology, aircraft systems and performance.

However, you don’t need to be exceptionally gifted at Maths or Science, provided you can achieve the academic standards required for training.

Can you become a pilot if you failed your GCSEs?

It may still be possible, depending on the qualifications required by the training programme and your current academic ability.

However, if an airline specifies minimum GCSE grades, you will need to meet those requirements through the appropriate qualifications or an accepted equivalent.

Retaking relevant subjects may provide additional opportunities.

Do you need A-levels for integrated flight training?

Some integrated flight training organisations establish A-level or equivalent educational requirements, while others accept applicants who meet their specified secondary-school criteria.

Always check the current entry requirements of the individual training organisation.

Is modular flight training easier to get into?

Modular training can provide greater flexibility, and some students begin by obtaining a PPL before progressing through the remaining professional qualifications.

However, modular CPL and instrument rating courses still have regulatory prerequisites and must meet the applicable training standards.

It would therefore be incorrect to assume that modular training is inherently easier or requires less ability.

How old do you need to be to start pilot training?

You can begin dual flying lessons before the minimum age for obtaining a pilot licence, subject to the training organisation’s requirements.

For the relevant aeroplane licensing pathways, the minimum age for a first supervised solo flight is generally 16, while a PPL can be issued from 17 and a CPL from 18.

Individual airline cadet programmes may have additional minimum age requirements.

Do you need a Class 1 medical to become an airline pilot?

A Class 1 medical certificate is required for the relevant professional CPL, MPL and ATPL privileges.

We recommend checking your medical eligibility before committing substantial funds to professional flight training.

Do airline pilots need to speak English?

English proficiency is an important requirement for international commercial aviation.

Within the UK CAA licensing system, the relevant radio communication privileges require an appropriate English language proficiency endorsement, with ICAO Level 4 representing the minimum operational standard.

Individual airlines may establish additional language expectations.

Can you become an airline pilot without previous flying experience?

Many integrated training and airline cadet programmes are specifically designed for applicants with little or no previous flying experience.

Some airlines recruit candidates on this basis and provide or arrange professional training through designated organisations.

However, applicants must still meet the programme’s academic, medical, aptitude and other selection requirements.

Does completing pilot training guarantee an airline job?

No. Obtaining professional pilot qualifications does not automatically guarantee employment.

Some airline-linked programmes offer more clearly defined recruitment pathways, but the actual arrangements depend on the programme’s terms.

Airline recruitment can change with economic conditions, staffing requirements and the availability of vacancies.

The Key Qualifications Needed to Become an Airline Pilot

If you’re considering a career in commercial aviation, the most important points to remember are:

  • GCSEs: Frequently required by airline cadet programmes, particularly Maths, English and Science, but the exact criteria vary.
  • A-levels: Useful qualifications but not universally required.
  • University degree: Not compulsory for every airline pilot training pathway.
  • Professional licences: You’ll need to complete the appropriate CPL-based or MPL training pathway and obtain the required qualifications.
  • Medical certification: A Class 1 medical is required for professional pilot privileges.
  • English: You must meet the relevant language proficiency requirements.
  • Age: Minimum ages apply to individual licensing milestones, but you can begin flight training before 18.
  • Additional employment criteria: Airlines may establish specific academic, travel, right-to-work and recruitment requirements.

Good academic qualifications can provide more options when choosing a training organisation and applying to airlines, but they aren’t the only qualities that matter.

Professional aviation also requires motivation, technical understanding, responsibility, teamwork, communication and sound judgement.

The best approach is to investigate the actual requirements of your preferred training programmes and then prepare accordingly.

Start Planning Your Airline Pilot Career

Understanding the qualifications required to become an airline pilot is an important first step, but there are several other decisions you’ll need to make before beginning professional training.

These include choosing between integrated and modular training, understanding the cost of obtaining your licences, selecting an appropriate flight school and assessing your potential employment opportunities.

FlightDeckFriend provides a range of free resources to help aspiring pilots understand these subjects and make informed decisions about their training.

What Should I Study at School?

Find out which school subjects and educational qualifications are useful for aspiring airline pilots.

Explore School Subject Choices →

Airline Pilot Licences Explained

Understand the PPL, CPL, frozen ATPL, MPL and additional qualifications needed for professional flying.

Read the Pilot Licences Guide →

Integrated vs Modular Training

Compare the main professional pilot training routes, including costs, flexibility and airline recruitment considerations.

Compare Training Routes →

Airline Pilot Medical Requirements

Learn about the Class 1 medical assessment and the standards relevant to professional flying.

Understand Pilot Medical Requirements →

Thinking About Becoming an Airline Pilot?

FlightDeckFriend’s comprehensive Become a Pilot resources explain the qualifications, training options, costs and career opportunities involved in pursuing a professional flying career.

Whether you’re still at school, considering a career change or preparing to enrol with a flight training organisation, understanding the process can help you make informed decisions about your future.


Explore How to Become an Airline Pilot →

Official Sources & Further Information

The academic entry requirements of airlines and flight training organisations can change. The examples in this article were checked in October 2026, but applicants should always consult the relevant airline, training provider and licensing authority before applying.

Further information is available through the following official sources:


Disclaimer: This article provides general educational information about the qualifications and requirements associated with becoming an airline pilot, primarily within the UK CAA and EASA licensing systems. Academic entry requirements, recruitment criteria, licensing regulations and medical standards may vary between organisations and jurisdictions and can change over time. Always verify the latest requirements directly with the relevant aviation authority, airline or approved training organisation before making educational, career or financial commitments. Completion of professional flight training does not guarantee airline employment.

UK University Aviation Degree Courses

Universities Offering Aviation and Pilot Studies Degree Courses

Our University Directory allows you to compare aviation degree courses offered at UK universities…

If you are seeking to pursue a career as a Commercial Airline Pilot, one of the first things to consider is “ Should I go to University or Not?” If you’ve come to the conclusion that yes, that is the route for you, then read on.

Over the last 15 years, Aviation Technology, Management and Pilot Studies degrees have become more and more popular. There is now a wide range such degree courses offered Universities across Europe. We have compiled a list of these degree programs for you to look at. Want to list a course? Email us the details.

Brunel University London

Aviation Engineering with Pilot Studies MEng

General information: “Becoming a pilot is one of the most exciting and rewarding of career choices. This specialist degree provides an ideal starting point for you to train to become a professional pilot after graduation. It incorporates fundamental practice and theory, but also presents the opportunity to obtain a Private Pilot’s Licence (PPL) and to undertake training in a flight simulator.”

Fees – EU/UK Students: £9,250 a year
Fees – International Students: £17,500 a year
Entry Requirements: A-Level grades AAA including Maths & Physics
Flying: Initial 15 hours towards NPPL, additional cost £3,075
Duration: 4 Years (5 year sandwich)


Buckinghamshire New University Aviation Degree Courses

Buckinghamshire New University

BSc (Hons) Air Transport with Commercial Pilot Training 

General information: “If you want to qualify as a commercial pilot, this dynamic course covers the many areas of air transport management and prepares you for a successful career as a commercial pilot. It is one of only a few UK universities to have an FNPT II Flight Simulator, which you will use during the final year of your studies, helping you to prepare for the final phase of your flight training.

Unique to the UK Higher Education sector, Buckinghamshire New University’s programme will allow you to obtain a university degree and a frozen ATPL in just three years of full-time study – at a lower cost than doing them separately”.

Fees – EU/UK Students: £9,250 a year + ATPL costs
Fees – International Students: £14,250 a year + ATPL costs
Entry Requirements: 104-128 UCAS Tariff score
Duration: 3 years

Buckinghamshire New University also offer courses in the following:

  • BSc (Hons) Air Transport with Helicopter Pilot Training
  • BSc (Hons) Air Transport with Private Pilot Training 
  • BA (Hons) Airline and Airport Management 
  • MSc Aviation Security

Kingston Uni - Aviation

Kingston University, London

Aviation Studies for Commercial Pilot Training Foundation Degree FdEng and BSc (Hons)

General information: “This exciting foundation degree provides the opportunity to gain a recognised higher education qualification while acquiring the knowledge and some of the skills you will need to become a pilot. On successful completion of the foundation degree, you can top up to a BSc (Hons) degree.”

Fees – EU/UK Students: £9,250 a year
Fees – International Students: £13,400 a year
Entry Requirements: 80 UCAS points / 2 A-Levels
Flying: Yes, require 20 hours towards teh PPL to commence the course
Duration: 1/2/3 Years


Staffordshire University (Stoke-on-Trent Campus)

Aeronautical Technology BSc (Hons)

General information: “In the first year of your Aeronautical Technology degree, you could learn to fly a glider. You could also learn about propulsion systems, covering gas turbine engines, rocket engines and internal combustion engines.

Other specialist modules include flight technology – involving the study of aircraft flight control systems – subsonic and supersonic aerodynamics, crash investigation, flight deck controls, instruments and displays, navigation systems, material properties and selection, and computer-based design, analysis and simulation.”

Fees – EU/UK Students: £9,250 a year
Fees – International Students: £10,900 a year
Entry Requirements: A-Level BCC or CCC plus C at AS Level / UCAS 112 points
Flying: No
Duration: 3 Years


The University of Sheffield

Aviation Engineering (Private Pilot Instruction) BEng

General information: “Modules cover aero propulsion, aerodynamic design, aircraft dynamics and control, computational aerodynamics and project management. You’ll also take ground training for flight and five hours of flight training. Your study includes some experience of flight instrumentation and an individual investigative project of your choice.”

Fees – EU/UK Students: Approximately £9,000 a year
Fees – International Students: No fees mentioned
Entry Requirements: A-Level AAB including Maths & Physics
Flying: Yes, individual arrangements made
Duration: 3 Years


University of Hertfordshire

Aerospace Systems Engineering with Pilot Studies BEng (Hons)

General information: “The aerospace industry is increasingly in need of Systems Engineers with the skills to integrate modern communication systems with conventional aerospace systems to enhance aircraft performance. This variation to our Aerospace Systems Engineering degree can be the first step for those wishing to become professional pilots. It combines the multidisciplinary nature of the Aerospace Systems Engineering degree with pilot studies to a National Private Pilot’s Licence level and beyond.

The compulsory flying experience is mainly in the Fourth Year, provided locally by a nationally recognised flight centre either in the UK or the USA. There are additional fees for this, but with an attractively discounted rate compared to other flight centres. There are also opportunities to do some flying in the First and Second Years as an extracurricular activity, including use of various flight simulators.”

Fees – EU/UK Students: £9,250 a year
Fees – International Students: £11,850 a year
Entry Requirements: 104 UCAS Points / A-Level Maths and either Physics or Technology Subject.
Flying: Yes but no details provided
Duration: 3 or 4 Years


University of Leeds

Aviation Technology with Pilot Studies BSc

General information: “You’ll benefit from the training facilities and expertise of a professional flying school as you undertake ten hours of flight training, achieve the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) ground exam requirements for the Private Pilot’s Licence (PPL) and develop the knowledge you need for commercial pilot ground exams. At the same time, you’ll gain a strong science and engineering base with modules on topics like aviation engineering materials. You’ll also put this knowledge into the context of the aviation industry today and in the future.”

Fees – EU/UK Students: £9,250 a year
Fees – International Students: £19,750 a year
Entry Requirements: A-Level grades AAA including Maths & Physics
Flying: 10 hours of PPL training included in cost, option to complete PPL
Scholarships: Up to £4,000
Duration: 3 Years


University of Liverpool

Aerospace Engineering with Pilot Studies BEng (Hons)

General information: “Pilot Studies lab The School of Engineering has a fantastic facility for undergraduate and postgraduate aerospace students to use.The interactive Pilot studies lab enables students to experience all aspects of flight from programming, aircraft design, navigation and system management to simulation flying in one of the three flight simulators; a jet stream 41, Piper PA38 and generic fast jet.”

Fees – EU/UK Students: £9,000 a year
Fees – International Students: £17,900 a year
Entry Requirements: A-Level grades AAB including Maths & Science subject
Flying: 20 hours towards PPL, additional cost £3,400
Duration: 3 Years


University of Salford

Aircraft Engineering with Pilot Studies BEng (Hons)

General information: “This course lets you combine the practical and theoretical aspects of flying with the underlying principles of aircraft engineering. The University has excellent facilities including three flight simulators, allowing you to benefit from the practical application of theories taught in the classroom. The course aims to produce graduates who can integrate theoretical and practical knowledge of maths, science, computer based methods, design, the economic, social and environmental context and engineering practice to solve complex aircraft engineering problems. You have the option to follow a structured pilot training programme leading to the opportunity to gain a Private Pilot Licence.”

Fees – EU/UK Students: £9,000 a year
Fees – International Students: £13,300 a year
Entry Requirements: 112-120 UCAS / A-Level grades C in Maths & Physics
Flying: PPL (45 Hours), at an additional cost of £7,608
Duration: 3 Years


University of the West of England (UWE), Bristol

Aerospace Engineering with Pilot Studies BEng (Hons) or MEng

General information: “This course has been designed alongside regional aerospace partners and is accredited by the Royal Aeronautical Society. This means you will be equipped with industry knowledge as well as an in-depth understanding of the aeronautical design and build process. Alongside the fundamentals of aerospace engineering, you will study materials and manufacturing processes, stress and dynamics, aerospace design, thermodynamics and fluids. Throughout the course, you will get practical experience developing and testing your prototypes in our well-equipped laboratories.”

Fees – EU/UK Students: £9,250 a year
Fees – International Students: £12,250 a year
Entry Requirements: A-Level grades B in Maths plus Science subject pass
Flying: Yes but no details provided
Duration: 3 Years